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What is Pragmatism?
Pragmatism is a philosophy that developed during the late nineteenth and early 20th centuries. It was the first North American philosophical movement. (It should be noted that some existentialism followers were also called "pragmatists") Like many other major movements in the history of philosophy the pragmaticists were motivated by a discontent with the state of things in the world and in the past.
It is a challenge to give a precise definition of the term "pragmatism. One of the major characteristics that are often associated with pragmatism is that it focuses on results and their consequences. This is often in contrast to other philosophical traditions which have a more theoretic approach to truth and knowledge.
Charles Sanders Peirce has been credited as the founder of the concept of pragmatism in philosophy. He argued that only what could be independently verified and proved through practical tests was believed to be true. Additionally, Peirce emphasized that the only way to make sense of something was to study its effects on other things.
Another pragmatist who was a founding figure was John Dewey (1859-1952), who was an educator and philosopher. He developed a more comprehensive approach to pragmatism, which included connections to society, education, art, and politics. He was influenced both by Peirce, and the German idealists Wilhelm von Humboldt und Friedrich Hegel.
The pragmatists had a looser definition of what is truth. It was not intended to be a realism position but rather an attempt to attain a higher level of clarity and well-justified accepted beliefs. This was accomplished by combining practical knowledge with sound reasoning.
Putnam extended this neopragmatic method to be more widely described as internal Realism. This was a possible alternative to correspondence theories of truth that did away with the intention of attaining an external God's eye perspective, while maintaining the objectivity of truth, but within a description or theory. It was a more sophisticated version of the ideas of Peirce and James.
What is the Pragmatism Theory of Decision-Making?
A legal pragmatist sees the law as a means to resolve problems rather than a set of rules. He or she does not believe in the classical notion of deductive certainty and instead emphasizes context in decision-making. Legal pragmatists argue that the notion of foundational principles are misguided since, in general, these principles will be disproved by actual practice. A pragmatic approach is superior to a traditional view of legal decision-making.
The pragmatist viewpoint is broad and has inspired numerous theories, including those in philosophy, science, ethics, political theory, sociology and even politics. While Charles Sanders Peirce deserves most of the credit for pragmatism and his pragmatic principle that clarifies the meaning of hypotheses by exploring their practical implications is the core of the doctrine, the scope of the doctrine has expanded to encompass a wide range of theories. This includes the notion that the philosophical theory is valid if and only if it has useful effects, the notion that knowledge is primarily a process of transacting with, not the representation of nature and the notion that language is a deep bed of shared practices that cannot be fully made explicit.
While the pragmatics have contributed to a variety of areas of philosophy, they are not without critics. The pragmatists' rejection of the concept of a priori propositional knowledge has led to a powerful, influential critique of analytical philosophy. The critique has travelled far beyond philosophy into various social disciplines like jurisprudence, political science and a number of other social sciences.
It isn't easy to classify the pragmatist view to law as a description theory. Judges tend to make decisions based on a logical-empirical framework, which relies heavily on precedents and other traditional legal documents. However, a legal pragmatist may well argue that this model doesn't accurately reflect the actual dynamics of judicial decision-making. Consequently, it seems more appropriate to view the law in a pragmatist perspective as a normative theory that provides a guideline for how law should be developed and interpreted.
What is Pragmatism's Theory of Conflict Resolution?
Pragmatism is an ancient philosophical tradition that views knowledge of the world and agency as integral. It has drawn a wide and often contrary range of interpretations. It is often viewed as a reaction against analytic philosophy, but at other times it is regarded as an alternative to continental thinking. It is a growing and growing tradition.
The pragmatists were keen to emphasize the importance of experience and the importance of the individual's own consciousness in the formation of beliefs. They also wanted to overcome what they saw as the errors of an unsound philosophical heritage that had distorted the work of earlier thinkers. These mistakes included Cartesianism and Nominalism, as well as an ignorance of the importance of human reasoning.
All pragmatists are skeptical of non-tested and untested images of reasoning. They are therefore cautious of any argument that asserts that 'it works' or 'we have always done it this way' are valid. For the legal pragmatist these assertions can be interpreted as being overly legalistic, naively rationalist, and uncritical of previous practice.
Contrary to the conventional notion of law as an unwritten set of rules, the pragmatist stresses the importance of context when making legal decisions. They will also recognize that there are multiple ways of describing the law and that the diversity must be embraced. This approach, referred to as perspectivalism, may make the legal pragmatist appear less deferential towards precedent and previously endorsed analogies.
The legal pragmatist's view acknowledges that judges don't have access to a core set of rules from which they could make well-thought-out decisions in all cases. The pragmatist will therefore be keen to emphasize the importance of understanding the situation before deciding and to be willing to change or rescind a law when it proves unworkable.
There is no agreed picture of what a pragmatist in the legal field should be There are a few characteristics that define this stance on philosophy. They include a focus on context and a rejection of any attempt to derive law from abstract principles that cannot be tested in a specific case. In addition, the pragmatist will realize that the law is continuously changing and there can be no one right picture of it.
What is Pragmatism's Theory of Justice?
Legal Pragmatism as a philosophy of justice has been lauded for its ability to bring about social change. But it has also been criticized for being an approach to avoiding legitimate philosophical and moral disagreements and placing them in the realm of legal decision-making. The pragmatist is not interested in relegating philosophical debates to the realm of law. Instead, he takes an open and pragmatic approach, and recognizes that different perspectives are inevitable.
The majority of legal pragmatists do not believe in the foundationalist view of legal decision-making and rely on traditional legal materials to serve as the basis for judging current cases. They take the view that cases aren't sufficient for providing a solid enough basis to draw properly-analyzed legal conclusions. They therefore need to be supplemented with other sources, such as previously approved analogies or concepts from precedent.
The legal pragmatist also disapproves of the notion that right decisions can be derived from a set of fundamental principles in the belief that such a scenario could make judges too easy to base their decisions on predetermined "rules." Instead she favors a method that recognizes the omnipotent influence of the context.
Many legal pragmatists because of the skepticism characteristic of neopragmatism as well as the anti-realism it embodies they have adopted an elitist stance toward the notion of truth. They tend to argue, focussing on the way in which a concept is applied in describing its meaning and setting criteria that can be used to recognize that a particular concept serves this purpose and that this is the standard that philosophers can reasonably be expecting from the truth theory.
Other pragmatists have taken a more expansive view of truth and have referred to it as an objective standard for assertion and inquiry. This perspective combines elements from pragmatism and classical realist and Idealist philosophies. It is also in line with the wider pragmatic tradition, which sees truth as an objective standard of assertion and inquiry, and not just a standard of justification or warranted affirmability (or its derivatives). This holistic perspective of truth is described as an "instrumental theory of truth" since it seeks to define truth in terms of the purposes and values that guide one's involvement with reality.